Finance

Professors. Stephen G. Buell, Ph.D. (Lehigh); Richard J. Kish, Ph.D. (Florida), chairman, Perella Department of Finance; Nandu Nayar, Ph.D. (Iowa), Hans Baer Chair in International Finance; Geraldo M. Vasconcellos, Ph.D. (Illinois).

Associate Professors. James A. Greenleaf, Ph.D. (N.Y.U.); Stephen F. Thode, D.B.A. (Indiana).

Assistant Professors. Anne-Marie Anderson, Ph.D. (Arizona).

Professors of Practice. David H. Myers, Ph.D. (Washington); Samuel C. Weaver, Ph.D. (Lehigh).

Adjunct Professors. David L. Muething, Ph.D. (M.I.T.); Timothy J. Timura, M.B.A. (Wisconsin).

In the era of a growing competitive global economy, finance has become increasingly important and complex. This has led to an expansion of career opportunities within corporations, investment firms, and financial institutions worldwide. These opportunities are varied and often overlap with other disciplines such as accounting, information systems, and marketing. It is also important that students engage in extracurricular activities that might complement their academic studies.

The domestic financial services industry has been at the forefront of global finance and will remain as one of our relative strengths within a global economy. Lehigh, in turn, enjoys a relative advantage in this regard as Lehigh alumni are well respected in all areas of finance. Our program has also been able to take advantage of our proximity to many financial institutions.

The finance major offered by the Perella Department of Finance requires at least 18 credit hours beyond the core requirements. Each finance major must successfully complete the 2-course foundation requirement; the 2-course depth requirement; and a minimum 2-course breadth requirement as outlined below.

2-Course Foundation Requirement

2-Course Depth Requirement

Choose 2 depth electives from the following list of finance offerings.

2-Course Breadth Requirement

Choose at least 2 breadth electives within one of the following 6 breadth tracks.

Track 1: Analytical Finance - Must take all three (3) courses

Track 2: Financial Analysis

Track 3: Financial Economics (choose 1 from each pair)

Track 4: Financial Marketing (choose 2)

Track 5: Financial Mathematics (choose 1 from each pair)

Track 6: Real Estate Valuation - Must take all 3 courses

Undergraduate Courses

For Advanced Undergraduates and Graduate Students

Courses numbered 200 and above in the College of Business and Economics are open to sophomores only on petition.

FIN 125. Introduction to Finance (3)

An introductory finance course stressing the links between corporate finance and investments. Major topic areas will include financial statement analysis , time value of money, risk and return valuation of stocks and bonds, capital budgeting, and cost of capital. Prerequisites: ECO 129, ECO 145, MATH 21, ACCT 151.

Finance Foundation Courses:

FIN 323. Investments (3)

The nature of risk and the form of returns on financial assets from the viewpoint of various constituents. Investor objectives, attitudes, and constraints are considered within the risk-return matrix within the context of valuation. Prerequisites: FIN 125 and ECO 146.

FIN 328. Corporate Financial Policy (3)

The study of management issues related to capital budgeting, working capital, leasing, mergers, and financing. Prerequisites: FIN 125 and ECO 146.

Finance Depth Requirement Courses:

FIN 324. Security Analysis and Portfolio Management (3)

Valuation of equity and debt instruments factoring in the influence earnings forecasts and expectations, uncertainty, required returns, supply and demand for securities and funds, and investor attitudes. Portfolio management concepts include the implications of market factors, technical analysis, timing, and screening of securities. Prerequisites: FIN 323 and FIN 328.

FIN 330. Financial Markets and Institutions (3)

Functions and portfolios of financial intermediaries. Sectional demand and supply of funds, nature and role of interest rates, term structure and forecasting, impact of inflation and regulation on financial intermediaries and markets, and current developments in the financial system. Management of assets and liabilities within the U.S. financial institution's legal and economic constraints. Prerequisites: FIN 323 and FIN 328.

FIN 333. Global Finance (3)

Issues that underlie the investment, financing, and dividend decisions of multinational firms from both the buyer's and seller's viewpoints. Current transactions in foreign currencies, direct and portfolio investment and associated risk management when dealing in foreign countries. Prerequisite: FIN 323 and FIN 328.

FIN 334. Derivatives and Management of Risk (3)

Theoretical and practical aspects of various instruments and markets that involve financial derivative instruments. Emphasis on the management of risk for corporate managers and portfolio managers. Prerequisite: FIN 323 and FIN 328.

FIN 335. Advanced Topics - Financial Management (3)

Advanced topics relating to specific areas of corporate finance such as: bond refunding, asset valuation and capital budgeting including the role of uncertainty, imprecise forecasts, risk preferences, inflation, market conditions, and the global marketplace; working capital management, leasing, mergers, and financing. The course content may vary between instructors and over time, therefore, the course descriptor is subject to change each time the course is offered. May be repeated. Prerequisite: FIN 323 and FIN 328.

FIN 336. Real Estate Finance (3)

An advanced survey of modern residential and commercial real estate financing techniques from the perspective of the borrower and the lender. Topics include: the principles of financing decisions; financing methods and techniques, institutional sources of funds for real estate, and real estate financing decision-making. The course includes lectures, demonstrations, spreadsheet software exercises, and guest speakers. Prerequisite: FIN 323 and FIN 328.

Additional finance offerings that cannot be used to fulfill the finance depth requirement:

FIN 371. Directed Readings (3)

Readings in various fields of finance designed for the student with a special interest in some field of finance not covered in scheduled courses. May be repeated. Prerequisite: consent of sponsoring instructor.

FIN 372. Special Topics (1-3)

Special problems and issues in finance for which no regularly scheduled course work exists. When offered as group study, coverage varies according to interests of instructor and students. May be repeated. Prerequisite: consent of sponsoring instructor.

FIN 273. Finance Internship I (1 credit)

Based on a student's work experience, a sponsoring faculty member shall direct readings, projects, and other assignments-including a "capstone report." It should be noted that the work experience (at least 80 hours), by itself, is not the basis for academic credit. The faculty directed activity must be provided concurrent with the work. Course registration and related arrangements must be made in advance of the work engagement. This course must be taken Pass/Fail and cannot be used to satisfy finance major requirements. Prerequisites: ECO 129, ECO 145, MATH 21, ACCT 151, declaration of a finance major, and department approval.

FIN 373. Finance Internship II (1 credit)

Based on a student's work experience, a sponsoring faculty member shall direct readings, projects, and other assignments-including a "capstone report." It should be noted that the work experience (at least 80 hours), by itself, is not the basis for academic credit. The faculty directed activity must be provided concurrent with the work. Course content and work experience should have added rigor from Finance Internship I due to the satisfactory completion of the finance core (FIN 323 and FIN 328). Course registration and related arrangements must be made in advance of the work engagement. This course must be taken Pass/Fail and cannot be used to satisfy finance major requirements. Prerequisites: FIN 323, FIN 328, declaration of a finance major, and department approval.

FIN 374. Portfolio Management Practicum (1-3)

Readings, projects and papers designed to complement the leadership and analytical activities associated with the management of the Student Investment Club or Thompson portfolios and similar activities. May be repeated. Prerequisites: FIN 323 and permission of instructor.

Course descriptions for the College of Business and Economics graduate courses can be found in this section (Section V) under the heading of Business and Economics Graduate Courses.

Fine Arts

See listings under Art and Architecture.

Five-Year Programs

Several ways exist for students to obtain two degrees in five years of study. See listings under ARTS-Engineering; ARTS-Master of Business Administration; Civil Engineering and Earth and Environmental Sciences; Electrical Engineering and Engineering Physics; Engineering-Master of Business Administration; and College of Education.

Foreign Culture and Civilization

See listings under Modern Languages and Literature.

Foreign Literature

See listings under Classics and under Modern Languages and Literature.

French

See listings under Modern Languages and Literature.

Geology

See listings under Earth and Environmental Sciences

German

See listings under Modern Languages and Literature.

Global Citizenship

Global Citizenship Program

Magdalena Grudzinski-Hall, program development officer

As the world becomes more interdependent in commerce, technology, and popular culture, people of different cultures must reconcile diametrically opposed views of fairness, equity, and conduct-often constructed through theological and cultural traditions. Religious extremism, trade policies, human rights, and gender equity are but a few examples of controversies born out of belief systems colliding on the global stage. How will individuals from different national, religious, and cultural traditions understand their personal responsibilities in a world increasingly strained by increasing nationalism and the pressures of globalization?

Students planning any major can apply to join the Global Citizenship Program during the matriculation process prior to the beginning of the first year. The first-year experience in Global Citizenship includes a writing-intensive fall and spring course sequence in addition to travel during the intersemester break. The first-year experience leads students to explore what it means to be not only a citizen of one's community or nation but of the world. In addition to the curricular elements of the program, students are required to take advantage of co-curricular opportunities like speaker programs, alternative spring break activities, and Lehigh's status as a United Nations non-governmental organization.

The Certificate program in Global Citizenship is selective and will admit about 30 students in each entering class, but all Lehigh students will benefit from the program. Each year, a group of faculty from all of Lehigh's colleges participates in a development seminar, which stimulates the incorporation of elements of the Global Citizenship program's intent and content into courses throughout the undergraduate curriculum.

Certificate in Global Citizenship

GC-designated introductory courses. Eco 001 (additional courses will be added in due time)

Study abroad in year 2 or 3. The student may transfer credits back to Lehigh from the Study Abroad experience but credits are not required for the GC program. Acceptable Study Abroad experiences must be at least 5 weeks in length, take place in a non-English-speaking country, and include language instruction. Home-stay is encouraged. Students are encouraged to spend at least a semester abroad, but summer programs are acceptable.

Courses in Global Citizenship

GC 006. (MLL 006) Globalization and Cultures (3)

This course is a reflection on the processes of globalization and their consequences, both good and bad, on the world's societies and on our concepts of culture and identity. It provides a multidisciplinary examination of what cultures gain and lose from their interaction with the rest of the world and what it means to be a citizen of a globalized yet diverse world. (HU/GC)

GC 007. (ENGL 007) Global Literature (3)

This multidisciplinary seminar asks students to develop informed opinions about what it means to be a global citizen, using rhetorical and persuasive techniques to address issues in economics, exile, and the environment. Additional narrative and expository reflections on students' intersession trip are required. Open only to students in the Global Citizenship program. Fulfills the English 2 requirement where needed. (HU)

GC 085. Practicum (1)

Preparation for first year Global Citizenship inter-session trip. Focus on the country of travel will include culture, politics, economics, art, religion, trade and technology. Taught by the faculty leader of the inter-session trip. (ND)

GC 385. Global Citizenship Capstone Course (4)

Students are required to complete a senior project or paper that reflects on their personal concept of global citizenship as it relates to a specific topic in their individual disciplines. Students meet weekly in a seminar format to discuss their projects and peer review each other's work. Global Citizenship projects can be wrapped into other senior projects that are required for students' majors or programs. Seminar is taught by the Director of Global Citizenship, who will work closely with students and their faculty advisors. (ND)

Global Studies Program

Program directors. Henri Barkey, Ph.D. (Pennsylvania), Bernard and Bertha F. Cohen Professor of International Relations; Mary A. Nicholas, Ph.D. (Pennsylvania), associate professor of Russian.

The multidisciplinary Global Studies program is offered jointly by the Department of International Relations (IR) and the Department of Modern Languages and Literature (MLL). The program, which offers a Bachelor of Arts, incorporates courses from both IR and MLL, as well as electives from a broad cross-section of other departments, for a challenging program that requires overseas study, language facility, and undergraduate research.

The program in Global Studies recognizes that Lehigh graduates must be adequately prepared to play an active role in the world of the 21^stcentury. For that, they will need an acute understanding of essential issues of global politics, broad linguistic and cultural skills, significant overseas experience, and both intellectual and cultural sophistication. The Global Studies major meets those requirements with courses in economics, international relations, language, and culture. Extended study abroad and undergraduate research in more than one language are also required. The program will help students develop a deeper and richer understanding of cultural, linguistic, and political diversity around the world.

The program requires a total of 16 courses for 60-64 credits. At least one semester of study abroad in an approved Lehigh program is required, as is undergraduate research that uses sources in at least one foreign language. Each student will have two major advisors, one each from IR and MLL.

Required courses (50-52 credits), as follows:

• 6 courses in International Relations (24 credits), as follows:
• IR 10
• IR 125
• IR 205
• Two IR advanced courses number 300-387 or 393.
• Eco 1
• 6 courses in Modern Languanges and Literature (22-24 credits), as follows:
• Four courses (16 credits) in one language, either Chinese, Japanese, Russian, Hebrew, Arabic, French (above the level of French 2), German (above the level of German 2), or Spanish (above the level of Spanish 2).
• Two culture courses (6-8 credits), as follows:
• Any two courses from an approved list or in consultation with the MLL advisor:
• 1 independent study (4 credits). The course will include original research in at least one foreign language.
• Study abroad. 1 semester or more in an approved Lehigh program.
• Electives (10-12 credits), as follows:
• 3 electives from an approved list, including courses from the departments of Sociology and Anthropology, Economics, English, International Relations, Journalism, Modern Languages and Literature, Political Science, History, Religion, and/or programs in Africana Studies, Asian Studies, Global Citizenship, Latin American Studies, Russian Studies, Sociology and Social Psychology, Science, Technology and Society, Women's Studies, or other courses as approved by IR and MLL advisors. (Courses must be chosen from at least two departments.)

Government

See listings under Political Science

Greek

See listings under Classics.

Hebrew

Modern Hebrew is taught in the Department of Modern Languages and Literature. Biblical Hebrew is taught in the Department of Religion Studies.

History

Professors. Michael G. Baylor, Ph.D. (Stanford), chairperson; Stephen H. Cutcliffe, Ph.D. (Lehigh), History and STS; Ian P.H. Duffy, D.PHIL. (Oxford, England); Steven L. Goldman, Ph.D. (Boston), Andrew W. Mellon Distinguished Professor in the Humanities; Tom F. Peters, Dr. Sc. (Swiss Federal Institute of Technology, ETH Zurich); C. Robert Phillips, Ph.D. (Brown), Classics and Ancient History; James S. Saeger, Ph.D. (Ohio State); William R. Scott, Ph.D. (Princeton); Roger D. Simon, Ph.D. (Wisconsin); Jean R. Soderlund, Ph.D. (Temple).

Associate Professors. Gail A. Cooper, Ph.D. (U.C., Santa Barbara); Monica Najar, Ph.D. (Wisconsin); John Pettegrew, Ph.D. (Wisconsin); John Savage, Ph.D. (N.Y.U.); John K. Smith, Ph.D. (Delaware).

Assistant Professors. Michelle LeMaster, Ph.D. (Johns Hopkins).

Professor of Practice. Kimberley Carrell-Smith, Ph.D. (Delaware).

The history major introduces students to the study of the causes and consequences of change through an examination of political, economic, social, cultural, and intellectual developments and institutions over time. The department's goal is to train its majors to think critically about the events and forces that have shaped the modern world, to analyze and interpret sources and evidence, and to view issues from a variety of perspectives. Those skills have served students well in a wide range of careers. Lehigh history majors have frequently gone on to law school or to work in various areas of education, journalism, public affairs, and business. The major also provides an excellent basis for graduate training in a wide range of public policy fields. The department offers a program of independent research under the direction of an individual faculty member (History 391, 392). A maximum of six credits may be used toward this project. Normally students pursue their research in the second semester of the junior year and the first semester of their senior year; the project may also be undertaken during the senior year. Students who do well on their research project will graduate with department honors. The writing intensive requirement must be filled by a course in the history department. For advanced placement, please see Section I.

The department recommends that students intending to major in history take MATH 12, Basic Statistics, to fulfill their college math requirement.

Department Major Requirements

A history major consists of 35 hours, normally nine courses, as follows:

One course in the history of Asia, Africa, or Latin America: HIST 5, 49, 50, 75, 76, 177, 340, 341, 342, 359, 368.

HIST 104, 300, 303, 331, 371, 391, 392, or provisional courses may be used to fulfill this requirement in accordance with their contents and emphases.

Minimum of 12 hours of courses numbered 303 or higher (except HIST 306).

To graduate with a history major, a minimum 24 hours must be graded course work taken at Lehigh.

Requirements for Honors

Students wishing to graduate with honors must have a minimum GPA of 3.40 in history, 39 credits and must have completed History 391.

History Minor Requirements

Each student’s minor program is prepared in consultation with the advisor of minors in the history department. Advanced placement credit may not be used for the minor program.

•15 credits

•at least 4 credits at 200 or 300 level

•maximum of one course (4 credits) of transfer or cross-listed courses may count toward minor.

Concentration in Public History

History majors may earn a concentration in Public History by completing a total of 16 hours in the following courses:

Undergraduate Courses in History

Graduate Work in History

Petitions are required for first-year students to take 100-level or higher courses, and for sophomores to take 200-level or higher courses. HU - fills humanities distribution requirements; SS - fills social science requirements; ND - not designated.

HIST 5. (AAS 5) African Civilization (4)

Sub-Saharan Africa through the millennia of the ancient world to the present. Human origins, state and non-state systems, the external slave trade, colonialism, resistance to European rule, independence movements, and neocolonialism. (SS) Keim, Scott

HIST 7. Technology in America's Industrial Age (4)

Traces the development of American technology from the pre-industrial colonial era until America's emergence as the world's leading industrial power. The interactions between technology and culture, society, politics, and the economy will also be addressed. (SS) Smith

HIST 8. Technology in Modern America (4)

Traces the evolution of modern American technology, including automobiles, aircraft, computers, nuclear weapons, television, space, pharmaceuticals, and biotechnology. Includes critiques of technology such as environmentalism. The interactions of technology and culture, society, politics, and the economy will also be addressed. (SS) Smith

HIST 11. Survey of Europe to 1648 (4)

Development of European history from Rome to the 17th century. End of the ancient world, origins and growth of medieval civilization, the Renaissance and Reformation. (HU) Baylor

HIST 12. (GCP 012) Survey of Europe Since 1648 (4)

The rise of modern nation states; the scientific and industrial revolutions; social movements and the French and Russian revolutions; impact of Enlightenment philosophy, nationalism, liberalism, imperialism and fascism; the development of modern class structure and transformations in gender relations, art, popular culture and society. (HU) Savage

HIST 15. English History (4)

The history of England to 1688. The origins of representative government, the development of English social institutions, the unification of England, and the Renaissance and Reformation in England. (HU) Duffy

HIST 16. English History (4)

English political and social institutions from 1688 to the present. The evolution of parliamentary government, the rise of modern parties, the industrial revolution, and recent social philosophies. (HU) Duffy

HIST 21. (CLSS 21) Greek History (4)

The development of civilization from paleolithic times to the world empire of Alexander the Great. The social, economic, religious, philosophic, artistic, and literary development of the ancient world; the origin of political institutions. (SS) Phillips

HIST 22. (CLSS 22) Roman History (4)

Rome from its origins to A.D. 476. Political, social and religious developments. Transformation of the late Roman Empire to the early medieval period. (SS) Phillips

HIST 41. United States to 1865 (4)

Native American cultures; European settlement; development of slavery and free labor systems; the Revolution; founding of the new nation; 19th century social, economic, cultural, and political development; Civil War. (SS) Najar, Soderlund

HIST 42. United States, 1865-1941 (4)

America's transformation into an industrial and global power from Reconstruction after the Civil War to the Great Depression; includes social, political, and cultural developments. (SS) Carrell-Smith

HIST 43. United States Since 1939 (4)

World War II; Cold War at home and abroad; Civil Rights movement; the 1960s: Vietnam, the welfare state and social upheavals; new forms of cultural expression; feminism; rise of neo-conservatism. (HU) Pettegrew

HIST 49. History of Latin America (4)

Spanish and Portuguese colonization of America and the struggles for independence, preceded by a brief view of the ancient American civilizations and Iberian backgrounds. (SS) Saeger

HIST 50. History of Latin America (4)

Continuation of HIST 49. The development of the Latin American nations in the 19th and 20th centuries. (SS) Saeger

HIST 64. (AAS 64, ECO 64) Plantation to Ghetto (2)

Examination of topics in the economic history of African Americans from the 1500s to the present. Explores the slave trade, slavery, post-Civil War South, the black family, migration, urbanization, and race and poverty. (SS) O'Brien, Scott

HIST 75. (MLL 75, Asia 75) Chinese Civilization (4)

The development of traditional Chinese thought, beliefs, technology, and institutions from a historical perspective, from earliest times to China's encounter with the West. (HU or SS) Pankenier

HIST 76. (Asia 76, MLL 76) Understanding Contemporary China (4)

An overview of recent history, politics, economy, religion, problems of modernization, popular culture, and attitudes. Contemporary Chinese society viewed against the backdrop of tradition and the tumultuous history of twentieth-century China. (SS)

HIST 90. First-Year Seminar in History (3)

Seminar for first-year students on a particular theme or topic. (HU or SS depending on topic of seminar).

HIST 104. Themes in History (2 - 4)

Seminar on a particular theme or topic not covered by a currently listed offering. (HU or SS depending on topic of seminar).

HIST 105. Sports in Modern America (4)

Surveys the social, cultural, and political role of sports in America since the Civil War. By addressing the development of sports and its relationship with race, class, ethnicity, gender, the media, popular culture, and government, this class will examine the impact of sports in making the America and Americans of the twentieth century. (HU)

HIST 107. Technology and World History (4)

Development of technology and its relationship to political, economic, military and cultural aspects of world civilization from pyramids to the present. (SS) Smith

HIST 109. The Built Environment of New York: 1624-2001 (4)

How the physical environment of New York City, particularly Manhattan, came to be. Course themes include the evolution of land use, housing, changing economic functions of the city, immigration, cultural life, social communities, and changing technology. Topics include: settlement of lower Manhattan, the street system, immigrant neighborhoods and the Lower East Side, Greenwich Village, Central Village, Central Park, the elevated trains and the subways, the Brooklyn Bridge, apartment living, specialized shopping and entertainment districts, skyscrapers, Harlem, Rockefeller Center, the automobile and highway system, public housing, the World Trade Center. Usually taught in the summer in New York with walking tours to many of the locations listed above. (HU) Simon

HIST 110. American Military History (4)

The American military tradition from colonial times to the present. America's wars and the development and operation of military institutions within the political, economic, ideological, and technological milieu of American society. (SS) Saeger

HIST 111. Engineering in the Modern World (4)

Roles played by engineers and engineering in the modern world, focusing on major achievements and failures, prominent engineers, and evolution of the profession. (SS) Smith

HIST 117. (STS 117/WS117) Women, Science and Technology (4)

Explores the impact of technology and science on women's social roles and the contribution of women engineers and scientists to their disciplines. Will focus on the American experience. Among the topics discussed are invention, design, laboratory research, education, engineering, professionalism, labor force participation, office mechanization, household appliances, virtual spaces, childcare and reproduction. (SS) Cooper

HIST 120. Revolutionary America (4)

Origins and development of the American republic from 1750 through the adoption of the Federal Constitution. (SS) Najar, Soderlund

HIST 124. (WS 124) Women in America (4)

Roles of women in American society from colonial to present times: attitudes toward women, female sexuality, women's work, and feminism. (SS) Cooper, Najar

HIST 130. (AAS 130) African American History (4)

Blacks in America from the first importation of Africans to the implementation of civil rights laws. West African origins, slave trade, slavery, free blacks and emancipation and study of Reconstruction, segregation, urbanization, and the struggle for racial equality. (SS) Scott

HIST 132. An Introduction to Canada (2)

A brief overview of major themes in Canadian history with emphasis on economic and political developments in the 19th and 20th centuries. (SS) Simon

HIST 135. Era of Jefferson and Jackson (4)

Colonial beginnings; the Articles of Confederation and the Constitution; the creation of a new nation; the development of American political parties; the antebellum American state. (SS) Najar

HIST 136. Era of the Civil War and Reconstruction (4)

American abolitionism and the origins of the Civil War; the Second American Revolution; Reconstruction and its sequel. (SS) Najar

HIST 145. (STS 145) Introduction to the History of Science (4)

The history of modern science, primarily physical and biological, with emphasis on the development of major theoretical models since the 17th century. (SS) Goldman

HIST 150. Medieval Civilization (4)

Formation and development of western culture to about 1400. Rise of universities and towns, legal development and origins of representative government, origins of nation-states, scholasticism and decline of the medieval church. (HU) Savage

HIST 153. (WS 153) Women in European History, 1500-Present (4)

Examines the position of women in Europe since the Renaissance. Particular attention is given to changing conceptions of women and their roles in society, the evolution of women's work, the origins, growth and impact of feminism, and gender distinctions as reflected in law, politics, popular culture and leisure. (SS)

HIST 154. (REL 154) The Holocaust: History and Meaning (4)

The Nazi Holocaust in its historical, political and religious setting. Emphasis upon the moral, cultural and theological issues raised by the Holocaust. (HU)

HIST 156. The Late Middle Ages and the Renaissance (4)

The transition from medieval to early modern society from the fourteenth to the early sixteenth centuries. The general crisis of European civilization in the late Middle Ages; the rise and development of the Italian Renaissance; the spread of Renaissance culture from Italy to northern Europe. (HU) Baylor

HIST 157. (REL 157) Europe in the Age of the Reformation (4)

The breakup of the religious culture of medieval Christian Europe in the reformation movements of the sixteenth century. The origins and varieties of Protestantism; the intersection of religious ideas and politics in Germany, Switzerland, Britain, France, and the Netherlands; the "wars of religion" and the emergence of the European state system. (HU) Baylor

HIST 158. Europe in the 17th and 18th Centuries (4)

Transformation of European civilization from the 30 Years War to the outbreak of the French Revolution. Origins and development of the European state system; absolutism; commercial expansion and competition for empire; science; the Enlightenment and its impact on European culture and politics. (HU) Baylor

HIST 159. Revolutionary Europe, 1789-1870 (4)

Revolutions and reactions; the rise and spread of liberalism, nationalism, and socialism. (HU) Duffy

HIST 160. Europe in the Age of Total War, 1870-1945 (4)

Origins of two world wars; revolutionary governments in Germany, Italy, and Russia. (HU) Duffy

HIST 161. (CLSS 161) Roman LAW (4)

Examination of Roman legal systems from the Twelve Tables to the Digest of Justinian. Emphasis on development of legal concepts and their historical context. Readings in primary sources; lectures; discussion. (SS) Phillips

HIST 162. Contemporary Europe (4)

Development of European States since 1945; European Community; Soviet influence and collapse. (HU) Savage

HIST 163. France Since 1789 (4)

France's tumultuous transformation from an absolutist monarchy to a modern democratic republic. Explores major cultural, social and economic changes, with particular attention given to industrialization and urbanization, gender and class, church and state relations, the French Left and France's unique contribution to modern philosophy, art and culture. (SS) Savage

HIST 170. (ASIA 170) Japan's Meiji Restoration (4)

Explores the revolutionary character of the political upheaval in 1868 that led to the fall of the ruling shogan and the dissolution of the elite samurai class. Examines both the causes of these major political and social changes, and their continuing impact upon Japanese culture and society. (HU) Cooper

HIST 177. (Asia 177, MLL 177) China Enters the Modern Age (4)

The collapse of the imperial order and China's agonizing transformation into a modern nation over the past 150 years. The impact of imperialism, war, radical social change, and protracted revolution on Chinese beliefs, values, and institutions. (HU or SS) Pankenier

HIST 179. (AAS 179) Black Political Thought in America (4)

Black leadership, organizations, and philosophy in America from Reconstruction to the Civil Rights Era; ideas and programs of Booker T. Washington, W.E.B. DuBois, Marcus Garvey, Malcolm X and Martin Luther King, Jr. (SS) Scott

HIST 180. (REL 180) Religion and the American Experience (4)

The historical development of major religious groups in this country from colonial times to the present. Their place in social and political life, and the impact of the national experience upon them. Emphasis on religious freedom and pluralism, and the church-state relationship. (HU)

For Advanced Undergraduates and Graduate Students

Graduate students may take 300 level courses, for which they receive 3 credits. Undergraduates must take them for 4 credits.

HIST 201. Historical Perspectives (4)

Methodologies and interpretations of Western historians from ancient times to the present. (HU) Baylor

HIST 202. Historical Research (4)

An introduction to historical interpretation, research design, and methodology. Students will research and write a paper on a historical topic using secondary and primary sources. (SS)

HIST 213. (CLSS 213, REL 213) Ancient Roman Religion (4)

Religious experience of the Roman people from prehistory to end of the empire. Nature of polytheism and its interactions with monotheism (Christianity, Judaism). Theories of religion. Emphasis on primary source materials. (SS) Phillips

HIST 303. Topics in History (2 - 4)

Intensive study in a particular area of history for advanced students. Topics may vary; may be repeated for credit with consent of advisor. (HU or SS depending on topic of seminar)

HIST 305. Public History (3-4)

An examination of the public role of history in modern society, with focus on issues facing historians in museums, historical societies, archives, historic preservation, the federal government, and other organizations in the public sphere. (SS) Carrell-Smith

HIST 306. Internship in Public History (2-4)

Professionally supervised work in a museum, historical society, archive, or other historical agency. Written journal or report evaluating the experience is required. Permission of department chair required. May be repeated for a maximum of six credits. May not be counted toward the major requirement of 12 hours of courses numbered 303 or higher. (ND) Carrell-Smith

HIST 308. Industrial America Since 1945 (3-4)

Explores efforts to achieve both prosperity and security in the postwar era. Among the topics discussed: new technologies, consumer culture, disposable products, advertising, defense spending, technical assistance, and multinational corporations. (SS) Cooper

HIST 311. (CLSS 311) Twins and Sins: The Rise of Rome (3-4)

Rome from its origins to the mid-third century B.C. Emphasis on foundation legends, the power of the monarchy, and development of Roman political and religious institutions. Papers, quizzes, discussions. (SS) Phillips

HIST 312. (CLSS 312) Decline and Fall of the Roman Empire (3-4)

Political, social, and economic history of the Roman Empire, A.D. 117-A.D. 565. Romanization of the provinces, diffusion of Christianity, and special attention to transformation to medieval period. Includes readings in translation of primary sources. (SS) Phillips

HIST 313. (CLSS 313) Golden Age of Greek Democracy (3-4)

Greek history of the seventh through fifth centuries B.C. Emphasis on the contrasting political and social systems of Athens and Sparta with consideration of related economic and military history. Attention to art, gender, literature, religion. Discussion and lectures; papers. (SS) Phillips

HIST 314. (CLSS 314) Age of Caesar and Christ (3-4)

Roman history of the first century A.D. Political, cultural, and socio-economic changes; special attention to the evolution of absolute power. Lectures, discussions, papers. (SS) Phillips

HIST 315. (ES 315) American Environmental History (3-4)

Relationship between Americans and their natural environment from the colonial period to the present: impact of European settlement, attitudes toward wilderness, role of technological development, rise of preservation and conservation movements, establishment of national parks, recent environmental protection legislation. (SS) Cutcliffe

HIST 318. History of North American Indians (3-4)

The history of American Indians from before European contact to the present. Emphasis will be placed on the diversity of native peoples of eastern North America and how patterns of interaction between native Americans and Euro-Americans have changed over time. Discussion format, research paper. (SS) Soderlund

HIST 319. Colonial America (3-4)

Founding and growth of colonies in North America through 1763. Emphasis on motives for settlement, Native American-European relations, and the economic, social, and political development of the British West Indies and mainland provinces. (SS) Soderlund

HIST 323. American Cultural History Since 1900 (3-4)

Development of American popular culture and media: popular press, Hollywood, radio, television, sports, and advertising, and the meanings these institutions have created in 20th-century United States. (HU) Pettegrew

HIST 325. (SSP 325, WS 325) History of Sexuality and the Family in the U.S. (3-4)

Changing conceptions of sexuality and the role of women, men, and children in the family and society from the colonial to the post-World War II era. Emphasis on the significance of socio-economic class and cultural background. Topics include family structure, birth control, legal constraints, marriage, divorce, and prostitution. (SS) Najar

HIST 326. (SSP 326) Social Class in American History (3-4)

Emphasis on the 19th and 20th century, focusing on: emergence of a white-collar middle class; condition and treatment of the poor and growth of the welfare state; conditions of industrial workers, struggle to organize unions and their later decline; indicators of social status and exclusion among the rich; changing distribution of income and wealth over time and extent of social mobility. (SS) Simon

HIST 328. American Intellectual History Since 1900 (3-4)

Social, literary, and political thought in the 20th-century with emphasis on pragmatism and progressivism, maturation of American literary culture, ideas of American exceptionalism at mid-century, civil rights movement and feminism, neo-conservatism and recent trends. (HU) Pettegrew

HIST 331. (AAS 331) United States and Africa (3-4)

Reciprocal relationships between North America and the African continent from the slave trade in the 17th century to the 20th century Afrocentric movement; impact of Americans on the shaping of modern Africa, Pan-African relations; influence of African Americans on US policies toward Africa. (SS) Scott

HIST 332. (AAS 332) Slavery and the American South (3-4)

The emergence and demise of the "peculiar institution" of African American slavery in British North America and the Old South. African background; colonial beginnings; 19th century slave community; the ruling race and proslavery ideology; the death of slavery and its aftermath; slavery and freedom in a comparative context. (SS)

HIST 333. American City to 1900 (3-4)

Settlement and planning of colonial towns; role of towns in the revolutionary era; industrialization and relationship of economic and technological change to urbanization; establishment of urban institutions; Irish and German immigration; beginnings of suburbanization; downtowns and the creation of a civic culture. Required field trip. (SS) Simon

HIST 334. American City in the Twentieth Century (3-4)

Immigration; Progressive "reforms;" urban planning and zoning; impact of automobile and suburbanization; Depression and New Deal; public housing and racial ghettoes; urban decline and "renewal." Required field trip. (SS) Simon

HIST 336. Bethlehem and the Lehigh Valley (3-4)

Local history focusing on Native American communities, Moravian settlement, natural resources, industrial firms, immigration and ethnic communities, organized labor, housing patterns and urban sprawl, high-tech industry, and tourism. Includes an analysis of techniques used in presenting these topics to the public. (SS) Smith

HIST 337. History and Community Memory (3-4)

This public history course provides students with the opportunity to research the history of a community. The community focus of the course will change each year. We will explore what constitutes community, what historical memory means, and how history functions to build or divide a community. Students will use both documents and oral history methods, and practice will be a major component of this course. (SS) Carrell-Smith.

HIST 338. Techniques in Public History (2 or 4)

Designed to introduce students to a variety of public history techniques. Instructor will focus on one of the following topics each term: archives, documentary film, exhibit design, historical editing, material culture, oral history. May be repeated to a maximum of 8 credits. (HU)

HIST 339. Managing Nonprofit Organizations (3-4)

Addresses the effective management of nonprofit organizations, focusing on operations, administration, legal, marketing, finance and accounting issues in the nonprofit environment and emphasizing organizations such as museums and preservation organizations. (SS)

HIST 340. (Asia 340) History of Japanese Industrialization since 1800 (3-4)

The late Tokugawa economic development, rise of an entrepreneurial class, importation of western technology, and the rise of social, political, and economic institutions which support industrial growth. (SS) Cooper

HIST 341. Mexico and Central America (3-4)

Emphasis on Mexico and Guatemala from the era of the Aztec through the wars of independence to the 20th century revolutions. (SS) Saeger

HIST 342. Argentina, Brazil and Chile (3-4)

Eighteenth-century Spanish imperial readjustments, independence, the emergence of new societies, 20th-century extremist movements, and the problems of developing nations. (SS) Saeger

HIST 345. Victorian Britain (3-4)

Development of democracy, liberalism, religious ferment, industrialization, class conflict, socialism, and empire in Victorian Britain. (HU) Duffy

HIST 346. Great Britain in the 20th Century (3-4)

Effects of world wars, loss of great power status, economic decline, social conflict, welfare state, modern political parties, Irish problem in 20th century Britain. (HU) Duffy

HIST 349. Revolutions in Modern European History (3-4)

Explores the origins, meanings, and impact of European revolutions from a theoretical and comparative perspective. Focuses on the English (1642-1660), the French (1789-1799), and the Russian Revolution (1917-1929), and how they reflected and shaped new ideologies and policies related to human rights, economic development, popular sovereignty, nationalism, class and gender politics, and State and society relations. (SS) Savage

HIST 350. (GCP 350) 19th Century Paris and the Invention of Modernity (3-4)

This course considers the dramatic destruction and rebuilding of the city of Paris in the decades after 1850 and how changes in the built environment shaped social relations, political authority and cultural expression. Topics include the politics of city planning and architectural design; the history of the engineering profession, technology and the building trades; reactions to crime, disease and prostitution in the modern city; the 1848 Revolution, Paris Commune and political theory; the origins of photography, Impressionist painting and cinema; and the creation of mass consumer society. (HU) Savage

HIST 351. The Gangs of New York (4)

The course will use the Martin Scorcese film "The Gangs of New York" as a window to examine the social and economic transformations of New York City in the middle of the nineteenth century. Emphasis will be on immigration, slum conditions, nativism, workingclass culture, gangs and street violence, politics, the Draft Riot of 1863, and the Tweed Ring. A recurrent theme will be to compare the historical record with the film's depiction of those events. There will be a required evening showing the film. R. NOT AVAILABLE FOR PASS/FAIL. (HU) Simon

Hist. 355. The Destruction and Reconstruction of Europe, 1870-1950 (3)

An analysis of the decline and disintegration of European civilization through two world wars and its regeneration as the European Union. Emphasis on the development of the European state syste, international conflict, and political thought. (SS) Baylor

HIST 356. European Cultural History (3-4)

Transformation of European culture from the 18th century to the present. The Enlightenment, cultural impact of the French and industrial revolutions, romanticism and ideologies of the 19th century, contemporary European thought. (HU) Savage

HIST 357. Early Modern Germany, 1500-1850 (3-4)

The emphasis will be on one or more of the following topics: the Reformation, the Thirty Years' War and its impact, absolutism, the rise of Prussia, the failure of German liberalism. (HU) Baylor

HIST 358. Modern Germany, 1850 to Present (3-4)

Focus on one or more of the following topics: nationalism and unification, the Second Empire, World War I, the Weimar republic, the Nazi movement, the Third Reich, and post-war Germany. (HU) Baylor

HIST 359. (AAS 359) History of South Africa (3-4)

South Africa's history from its earliest human settlement to its emergence as a racist political order and transition to a non-racial democratic state. Includes comparisons with political thought and practices in the U.S. (SS) Scott

HIST 360. American Legal History (3-4)

The interrelationship between law and social development with emphasis on modern period. Founding of constitutional government and balance of power within the federal system, the problem of slavery, legal support and regulation of business, and the use of law in various reform and civil rights movements. (SS) Pettegrew

HIST 361. (ARCH 361) Evolution of Highrise Building Construction (3)

The new materials iron and concrete led to new ways of thinking about building. The Industrial Revolution initiated the development of our modern culture of building and our current urban society. (HU) Peters

HIST 363. (ARCH 363) Evolution of Long-SPAN Bridge Building (3)

New materials, forms of education and technology contributed to advance structural understanding. Specialization and the rise of technological thinking led to new bridge types and increasing span size. (HU) Peters

HIST 365. (ARCH 365) Evolution of the Modern Building Process (3)

The criteria of trade-time and money-entered the world of building in the 19th century. The unplanned interlude between the design and the inauguration of a building became a new professional field: the building process. (HU) Peters

HIST 368. Seminar in Latin American History (3-4)

Readings and individual investigation of selected topics. (SS) Saeger

HIST 370. (ANTH 370) Historical Archeology (3-4)

This course examines the unique nature of historical archaeology of post-contact America. Topics include reconstructing the past through the archaeological and historical record, exhibiting past culture, and capturing the real or imagined past. Course includes fieldwork and visits to famous archaeological sites. (SS) Small

HIST 371. Independent Study (1-4)

Directed readings in a topic or area of history not covered by current course offerings. For students of demonstrated ability and adequate preparation. Prerequisite: consent of department chair. May be repeated for credit with permission up to a maximum of six credits. (ND)

HIST 391. Honors Thesis in History (4)

Opportunity for undergraduate majors in history to pursue an extended project for senior honors. By invitation and department permission only. (ND)

HIST 392. Honors Thesis in History (2)

Continuation of History 391 available under exceptional circumstances where additional credit for honors project is warranted. Department permission only. (ND)

Graduate Work in History

Lehigh University has been granting advanced degrees in history for more than seventy years. Its graduates have become university and college professors, secondary school teachers and administrators, museum directors, and public servants. The graduate program focuses primarily on the areas in which the department is particularly strong in faculty and resources, notably Colonial America and the history of technology and science. The department works closely with the Lawrence Henry Gipson Institute for Eighteenth Century Studies which sponsors yearly symposia and provides research support for both faculty and students. The history of technology program is closely tied to Lehigh's Science, Technology, and Society program.

Lehigh's libraries are especially rich in materials for graduate research in history, particularly in the fields listed above. They have an extensive collection of scholarly periodicals and monographs. Graduate programs provide intensive and specialized study, and the policy of limited enrollment permits close relations between faculty and students.

Admission to graduate study in history is competitive and dependent upon the applicant's undergraduate preparation and record, recommendations, and Graduate Record Examination scores. Besides general requirements for College of Arts and Sciences graduate programs, the following special requirements apply to graduate study in history.

Master of Arts

There are two masters programs. Under Plan I, a candidate may earn the degree by successfully completing 27 hours of approved course work and submitting a thesis of the length and quality that would make it suitable for publication as a scholarly article. The paper may build on work presented in a graduate research seminar in the program. Candidates continuing toward a doctorate should select Plan I. Candidates declaring Plan II take 30 hours of approved course work and pass examinations in two fields chosen from American, British, European, and Latin American history, and History of Technology. Candidates in either plan are required to maintain a 3.0 average in all graduate work and to take History 401 and History 404 or 405.

M.A. in History with Concentration in Public History

Students may earn through either Plan I or Plan II (see above), an M.A. in History with a concentration in Public History by completing a total of 36 hours of approved course work, including a minimum of 10 credits and maximum of 12 credits in approved Public History courses.

Doctor of Philosophy

Students in the Ph.D. program in history must maintain a 3.50 average after two semesters of study. During the second semester, doctoral students select one major and three minor fields in which to take comprehensive written and oral examinations. The dissertation will be in the major field. The dissertation advisor will chair a special committee that will oversee the student's graduate program. The other members of the special committee will be those faculty who are examiners in the selected fields and one professor from another department relevant to the candidate's major field. No professor may direct more than one field, but the direction of a field may involve two professors. An original dissertation is required and it must be successfully defended to the examining committee.

All Ph.D. students must spend at least one year in residency as a full time student at Lehigh. They must take Historical Research (401) or, if they completed HIST 401 or its equivalent at the M.A. level, a 450-series research seminar. Students who enter the Ph.D. program with an M.A. from another university must also take either Readings in the History of the Atlantic World (404) or Readings in the History of Industrial America (405). Students are encouraged to take both seminars if appropriate to their course of study. All Ph.D. students must take at least 18 hours of directed readings courses (440 series or equivalent) beyond the M.A., and HIST. 481, Teaching History.

Major Fields. Major fields are Technology, Modern Britain, Colonial America, Nineteenth Century United States, Twentieth Century United States. (The Nineteenth and Twentieth century fields may be divided topically rather than chronologically; for example, a student may be examined in labor/social history 1800-present, and in political history 1800-present.)

Minor Fields. Any of the major fields listed above may also be minor fields. Examples of other minor fields are American Studies; Ancient History; Early Modern Europe; Modern Europe; Latin America; Environmental History; Japan; Public History; Science, Technology and Society studies.

Language Requirements. The student's special committee determines whether proficiency in a foreign language or proficiency in statistical methods will be required for the doctoral degree.

More detailed regulations are given in the Handbook for Graduate Work in History, available in the history department office.

Graduate Courses in History

HIST 401. Historical Research (3)

Techniques of research in history: training in the critical handling of documentary materials, in measuring the value of evidence, and in formal presentation of the results of research. Students will write an original research paper using primary materials. Required of all graduate students in history.

HIST 404. Readings in the History of the Atlantic World, 1500-1900 (3)

Core readings offering a comparative and integrative approach to studying the development of nations, economic systems and trade, colonization, and cultural encounters among the people of Europe, Africa, and the Americas.

HIST 405. Readings in the History of Industrial America (3)

Core readings in the history of technology and the larger framework of intellectual, social, economic, and political history. Includes comparative studies in the history of industrializing Europe and Japan.

HIST 407. Seminar in the History of American Industrial Technology (3)

Origin and evolution of American technology and industry from the 19th century to the present. Investigates dynamics of major industries in national and international context. Not open to students who have taken HIST 307. Smith

HIST 438. Techniques in Public History (2 or 3)

Designed to introduce students to a variety of public history techniques. Instructor will focus on one of the following topics each term: archives, documentary film, exhibit design, historical editing, material culture, oral history. May be repeated to a maximum of 8 credits.

HIST 440. Readings in Colonial American History (3)

Study in small groups under the guidance of a faculty member of the literature of the 17th and 18th centuries. May be repeated for credit with the permission of the faculty advisor.

HIST 441. Readings in Nineteenth Century American History (3)

Study in small groups under the guidance of a faculty member of the literature of the 19th century. May be repeated for credit with the permission of the faculty advisor.

HIST 442. Readings in Twentieth Century American History (3)

Study in small groups under the guidance of a faculty member of the literature of the 20th century. May be repeated for credit with permission of the faculty advisor.

HIST 443. Readings in English History (3)

Study in small groups, under the guidance of a faculty member, of the literature of a particular period, problem, or area of English history. May be repeated for credit with permission of the faculty advisor.

HIST 444. Readings in Latin American History (3)

Study in small groups, under the guidance of a faculty member, of the literature of a particular period, problem, or area of Latin American history. May be repeated for credit with permission of the faculty advisor.

HIST 445. Readings in the History of Science (3)

Study in small groups under the guidance of a faculty member on the history of science. May be repeated for credit with permission of the faculty advisor.

HIST 446. Readings in the History of Technology (3)

Study in small groups under the guidance of a faculty member of the history of technology. May be repeated for credit with the permission of the faculty advisor.

HIST 447. Readings in European History (3)

Study in small groups, under the guidance of a faculty member, of the literature of a particular period, problem or aspect of European history. May be repeated for credit with permission of the faculty advisor.

HIST 452. Research in American History (3)

An intensive research seminar on a phase of American history. May be repeated for credit with permission of the department chair.

HIST 453. Research in English History (3)

An intensive research seminar on a phase of English history. May be repeated for credit with permission of the department chair.

HIST 454. Research in Latin American History (3)

An intensive research seminar on a phase of Latin American history. May be repeated for credit with permission of the department chair.

HIST 455. Research in History of Science and Technology (3)

An intensive research seminar on a phase or aspect of the history of science and technology. May be repeated for credit with permission of the department chair.

HIST 457. Research in European History (3)

An intensive research seminar on a phase of European history. May be repeated for credit with permission of the department chair.

HIST 471. Special Topics in History (1-3)

Individual study under the direction of a faculty member of a topic in history. May be repeated for credit.

HIST 472. Special Topics in History (1-3)

Individual study under the direction of a faculty member of a topic in history. May be repeated for credit.

HIST 473. Special Topics in History (1-3)

Individual study under the direction of a faculty member of a topic in history. May be repeated for credit.

HIST 481. Teaching History (1)

Focuses on the practical aspects of college teaching, including teaching methods, preparation of syllabi and exams, grading papers and exams, and dealing with problems such as plagiarism. Required for teaching assistants, teaching fellows, and Ph.D. students in the Department of History.

Humanities

Eccentral Committee: Seth Moglen, Ph.D. (California at Berkeley) English and Interim Director Humanities Center; Beth Dolan, Ph.D. (North Carolina), English; Kashi Johnson, M.F.A. (Pittsburgh), Theater; John Pettegrew, Ph.D. (Wisconsin at Madison), History and American Studies, Director; John Savage, Ph.D. (NYU), History; Bob Watts, Ph.D. (Missouri-Columbia), English.

The Humanities Program is devoted to freeing faculty and students from the discipline of the disciplines, to finding a way to the space between the disciplines, the space where the sparks of intellectual excitement fly, sparks that ignite the pleasures and passions that characterize the best of university life.

The humanities are construed so broadly that they will include any aspect of intellectual investigation which is relevant to understanding whatever humans are or have been, whatever humans have produced or are producing. It remains an open question whether any discipline at all is irrelevant to the understanding of human life and work. Even such apparently far-flung investigations as the thermodynamics of far from equilibrium systems are already being used to understand the evolution of forms of human society, and both Goedel's work on the foundations of mathematical logic and Bohm's ontological interpretation of quantum mechanics have already been used at some distance from their original homes. Although "humanities" is the name of this program, "inclusion" is its watchword.

Intellectual work always faces a trade-off between the intensities of connection and the intensities of concentration: between the power of an analysis which excludes every concern and every method of investigation save one and the power of an analysis which reveals the amazing ways an inert site of investigation can be aroused by bringing out the myriad connections that reach out from that site in all directions at once. Divided by department and by college, by discipline and sub-discipline, universities are disposed to accentuate the centripetal powers of concentration at the expense of the centrifugal powers of connection. It is important, therefore, that there be elements within the university that draw people and disciplines out of the center of their fields. This is the eccentral mission of the Humanities Program.

Humanities Minor Programs

The Humanities Minor Programs provide homes for the homeless interdisciplines, interdisciplinary areas of concentration that do not have official departmental or interdepartmental homes. There are currently three minors in the humanities, and there may be more in the future.

a) Medieval Studies Minor in Humanities

Advisors, Michael Mendelson, Associate Professor of Philosophy and Kate Crassons, Assistant Professor of English.

The Medieval Studies Minor requires that a student take 4 courses (16 credits) from the following list. At the discretion of the Advisor for the Medieval Studies Minor, a student may count any other course (not on this list) towards the minor.

b) Ethics Minor in Humanities

Advisors. Lloyd H. Steffen, Professor of Religion Studies.

The Ethics Minor construes ethics more broadly than as the subject of philosophical treatises. The Ethics Minor is especially concerned with the way ethical challenges arise outside the semi-technical philosophical field of ethics itself, that is, in the pursuit of the various professions and in the conduct of life, generally.

The Ethics Minor consists of 4 courses (16 credits) from the following list. At least one course must come from the first five italicized members of the list. At the discretion of an Advisor for the Ethics Minor, a student may count any other course (not on this list) towards the minor.