Lehigh University:

Source: Susan Lantz, Associate Dean of Academic Support

Time Management Tips (as taken from the Study Skills workshop, VA Tech):

Plan your schedule in advance, to whatever degree you are comfortable, adjusting your hours to desired totals. Make clear contracts with yourself regarding time, place, and study task. 

Write everything down--long term goals (course requirements) on a calendar, short term goals (weekly requirements) on your schedule or "goals" sheet, daily goals (errands) on a "to do" list. 

Do some work on a task the day that it is assigned, then developing a plan for finishing it by dividing the task into at least 5 "chunks" of work with established deadlines and rewards. 

Do your most difficult work during hours when you feel best. (Save pleasant tasks for less productive times of the day).

Create a Semester Schedule
Record known class assignments including quizzes, tests, projects and papers.
Recording your class assignments from the beginning of the semester creates a framework for your semester.  It lets you know when you are likely to have high academic demands and when you will have more flexibility for scheduling pleasurable activities.

Record co-curricular activities including work hours,  meetings, social commitments and out-of-town weekends.

Recording co-curricular activities allows you to have a more accurate picture of how full or open your schedule will be throughout the semester.  These activities are important for providing balance in your schedule.

Update your semester schedule regularly. 
Assignment due dates change, assignments are added and activities are planned.  Keeping an accurate semester schedule facilitates the next step of this process, assessing and planning your weekly workload.

Assessing and planning your weekly schedule

• Make a list of what you have to accomplish during the coming week, including class assignments and class attendance.
• Being inclusive in your list of school work that must be done for the week is essential for making your schedule work.  Everything takes take time, whether it's reading a chapter, working problems, or writing an outline for a research paper.
• Include co-curricular activities, work hours, errands, exercise, meals and time with friends on your list of things to do for the week.
• Daily living activities and co-curricular activities are important and provide balance in your schedule but take time away from study time.  Preparing dinner and cleaning up afterwards or attending a student organization meeting can take as much time as reading a chapter in a textbook.

Estimate how long each task will take.
This is an essential, but often overlooked step in the time scheduling process.   Activities take different amounts of time so to effectively use your time, it is important to estimate how long a task will take and allow that amount of time for the task.  It's better to estimate conservatively if you don't know how long something will take.  If you finish 30 minutes or an hour early, you can use that time however you would like but if you haven't allowed enough time, you'll have to take time away from another task to complete the one that is taking longer than planned.

Identify the day on which you will accomplish each task, keeping in mind the amount of time the task will take and other things you must also do that day. This facilitates the next step of this process, making a daily schedule.  By looking at your whole week and realizing everything you need to accomplish during that week, you are more likely to avoid missing deadlines. You can make adjustments throughout the week instead of finding that you have a 6 hour task with only three hours remaining before the deadline.  Making your schedule for the next week is a good activity for Friday afternoon or evening, before beginning your weekend.  Weekends provide the largest blocks of time for study so if you will have a very full week ahead, it may be helpful to complete some of the tasks on the weekend to decrease the time crunch during the coming week.   

Adjust your schedule every day
Write out a daily schedule at the beginning of each day. 
Include uncompleted tasks from the previous day as well as new tasks. This should only take a few minutes because you can use your weekly schedule to create it quickly.  Use an index card or a daily planner.  Carry your schedule with you so you can refer to it as needed and cross items off once they are completed.  This last step provides a sense of accomplishment.

As you write out your daily schedule, assess your priorities.
Some activities must be done on a particular day while others may be optional for that day.   You can use the A, B, C system of prioritizing your tasks.  A's must be done that day and C's are optional.  B's are important but not as important as A's.   Try to accomplish all your A tasks before moving on to the B tasks and finally the C tasks.  This can reduce your stress level.

Evaluate your schedule in the morning.
Ask yourself whether the schedule for the day is realistic, given the amount of time each of the tasks will take.  If it's not, remove some of the B and C priority items from your schedule so the schedule is manageable.

Evaluate your schedule in the evening.
Did you accomplish everything on your list?  If not, why not?  Was the schedule unrealistic or was your time management ineffective?  What adjustments can you make in the future to make your schedule work better for you? 

Making your schedule work
Here are some strategies that you may find helpful to try if your schedule is not working as efficiently or effectively as you would like.  When trying any new strategy, it is important to practice it regularly and to practice it long enough that you have a way of evaluating whether or not it is helping.  Tests are good ways to evaluate new study strategies.   If you begin a new strategy after one test on which you didn't perform as well as you would like, try a new strategy until you receive the results of the next test to get an idea whether the new strategy is working for you.

• Identify your best time of the day.
  Studying at your best time of the day, whether that is morning, afternoon, or early evening, will enable you to complete your assignments in less time.  Research studies show that what we can accomplish in 60 minutes when we're less fatigued will take as much as 90 minutes to accomplish when we are more fatigued. 
• Study difficult or boring subjects first.
  Study subjects that are more of a challenge to you first when you are less fatigued.  Save subjects you like to study for later, when you are feeling more tired but need to continue to study to keep up with your work.  It will be easier to find the motivation to study something you find enjoyable when you are tired than for a subject you dread studying.
• Use the same place to study every time.
  Studying in the same place each day is like going to class in the same room.  You begin to associate a particular activity with a particular location so when you are in that location, you and able to focus on the task at hand more quickly.  Studying on your bed or in your bedroom is not advised because you probably associate your bed and bedroom with sleeping, not studying.  It's too easy to take those 10 minute naps that turn into 2 hour naps. 
• Use the library.
  Libraries are good places to study because this is the only activity we do in this environment. If there are reasons you choose not to use the library, try to find another location outside of your room that provides a good study environment and is relatively free of distractions.
• Avoid distractions.
  Many things can provide a distraction to studying if we are looking for ways to procrastinate.   Earlier in this program, you identified your top five time wasters.  For the next few weeks, try to find ways to reduce the frequency with which these distracters are interfering with your study time.  This might mean that finding another place to study would be helpful.
• Use waiting time.
  If you use public transportation to commute to and from campus, there is probably some waiting time involved.  This is a great time to study discrete pieces of information such as learning vocabulary for a foreign language class or memorizing a chemical reaction sequence.  Write this information on note cards and carry them with you so you can study your cards during your waiting time.
• Treat school as a full-time job.
  Try to accomplish as many of your school tasks as possible within a concentrated period of time, such as 8 a.m. - 5 p.m., Monday through Friday.  If you use these hours either for attending class or studying, you'll have much more free time in the evenings and on the weekends to spend time with friends.  Your classes are likely to get the amount of attention they require as well.  It doesn't mean that you'll never need to study in the evenings or on the weekends because there will still be crunch times and you probably will.  However, treating school as a full-time job and adopting the hours of a full-time job will probably result in better, more efficient management of your time.